
The Criterion: An International Journal in English
Comparative Literature
Humanising the Divine: A Comparative Study of Andal’s Tiruppāvai and Akka Mahadevi’s Vachanas
Abstract
This paper, titled ‘Humanizing the Divine: A Comparative Study of Andal’s Tiruppavai and Akka Mahadevi’s Vachanas,’ studies how two major women poets of South India, Andal of Tamil Nadu and Akka Mahadevi of Karnataka, humanize the divine notions and practices through philotheotic frameworks in their poetry. Traditional Indian theological practices contrast with the ideas implied in both Andal’s Tiruppavai and Akka Mahadevi’s vachanas. Both the poets transmuted Bhakti into a separate knowledge system, where an individual’s spiritual experience becomes collective memory and an individualistic approach towards God. Andal’s hymns illuminate a longing for Vishnu by portraying him as her beloved who is also coiled with the rural culture and seasonal celebrations. In contrast to Andal’s application, Akka Mahadevi’s vachanas are radical in framing Shiva as her sole intimate companion. This paper performs a comparative study of how both the poets reconfigure spiritual experience in their respective spiritual traditions (Shaivism and Vaishnavism) and how Tamil Bhakti lyric and Kannada Vachana poetics assert female devotional authority. By placing God in the sphere of human emotion, Akka democratizes the patriarchal structures within religious study, and this study demonstrates how their works collectively reveal the aesthetics of Indian devotion, which is central to the Indian religious discourse.
Keywords
Bhakti poetry, Philotheotic Framework, Feminine mysticism , Shaivism andVaishnavism, Comparative poetics
How to Cite
Prasanna Kumar. J. “Humanising the Divine: A Comparative Study of Andal’s Tiruppāvai and Akka Mahadevi’s Vachanas.” The Criterion: An International Journal in English, vol. 17, no. 1, Feb. 2026, pp. 645-657. ISSN: 0976-8165.
